Background Today, the organizations have ethical responsibilities for employees and stakeholders in addition to achieving the benefits that sacrifice leadership influencing it. Based on this necessarily, the purpose of this research is study of the factors influencing on sacrifice leadership. Method The present research is applying by the object, quantitative by data and way of collecting, descriptive correlation. The statistical community including all of the Red Crescents' employees in Isfahan. The way of sampling is one cluster sampling randomly that selected 220 persons based on Cochran formula. The instruments of this research is four questionnaires and analyzed data by descriptive and inferential statistical Results They are significance and positive relationship between commitment, perfectionism, and organizational self-efficacy with sacrifice leadership. Organizational self-efficacy mediates the Relationship between organizational Commitment and Perfectionism with Sacrifice Leadership and totally the experimental model has good fitness. Conclusion Improving sacrifice leadership of organizations requires to development of organizational commitment and perfectionism and self-efficacy.

Human sacrifice was one of the most important sacrifices that was offered in critical situations to please the higher forces. The Shahnameh is one of the texts that contains various rituals and beliefs; one of these cases is the ritual of human sacrifice, examples of which can be seen in the stories of Zal, zahhak, Siavash, the White Devil, and the story of the King of the City of Bidad. Considering this, in order to explain these examples in a descriptive-analytical way, the authors try to investigate and analyze the human sacrifice in the above-mentioned stories based on the theories of the sacrifice. The results show that the human sacrifices in the Shahnameh can be analyzed in five sections and were performed with goals such as longevity, warding off calamity, and repelling evil. In the story of Zal, due to the fact that in the ancients' belief, the birth of some babies with special characteristics (white hair) was considered ominous and a manifestation of God's anger, leaving him is a kind of sacrifice in order to ward off evil. Regarding Siavash's murder, it should be said: his murder has no fertility aspect and is a kind of ritual sacrifice in order to ward off Afrasiab's sleep disorder and save his life. Regarding the White Devil, it can also be said: what are known as Divan in the Shahnameh, were powerful, wild and stout enemies, and they were called Divan, so the killing of White Devil is a kind of sacrifice for the purpose of destruction. Is. In the analysis of the examples found, Fraser's theories of irreversibility and Boyce's cosmological perfection are more practical and flexible than other theories.

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics and values, as well as the rights and dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees and fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership and cooperative social responsibility and the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management and Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple random sampling method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ethical leadership has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility and ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their social responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate and align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction and collaborative responsibility and leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

IntroductionIn recent decades, criticism of utilitarianism has emerged within various branches of the social sciences. Contrary to the assumption that these critiques align decisively with utilitarian principles, scholars have increasingly emphasized the importance of other-oriented values in their discourse. These values encompass collective morality, public interest, social responsibility, moral values, and concern for others, highlighting selflessness, cooperation, and the well-being of others. This shift in focus underscores the complex nature of ethical considerations within societal frameworks (Grant, 2007). Leadership, a central topic in management and organization studies, necessitates an understanding of human nature and behavior. While effective leadership entails guiding groups toward shared goals, it's acknowledged that leaders may misuse their power for personal gain (Maner & Mead, 2010). Recently, scholars have increasingly turned their attention to altruistic leadership and its potential impact within organizational contexts. Despite skepticism regarding the feasibility of self-sacrificial behavior in environments rife with moral dilemmas and self-interested agendas (Arnold & Loughlin, 2010), research suggests that organizations benefit from cultivating altruistic leadership styles. Such behaviors, though uncommon, foster positive perceptions of leaders, particularly during times of crisis, signaling a departure from authoritative leadership models (De Cremer & Van Knippenberg, 2005). The emergence of altruistic leadership reflects a broader trend in leadership studies, emphasizing service over dominance and prioritizing collective welfare over self-interest. This shift is evident in the exploration of concepts such as empowerment, followership, collaborative leadership, and ethical leadership. Altruism is increasingly recognized as a foundational element in these evolving perspectives on leadership, underscoring the importance of selflessness in contemporary leadership paradigms (Choi & Mai-Dalton, 1998).MethodologyThe methodology used in this research is the grounded theory introduced by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in the late 1960s. This methodology outlines a systematic approach to developing theories from data collected during social research. Unlike logical-deductive research, which evaluates existing theories, grounded theory involves deriving theories directly from collected data. This method emphasizes a continuous interaction between data collection and theory generation (Glaser, 2007). Grounded theory construction involves gathering data from various sources, such as interviews and behavioral observations, with in-depth interviews being the most commonly employed method. In this approach, data collection and analysis occur concurrently through the continuous comparison method. This means that interviews and data interpretation proceed simultaneously until theoretical saturation is attained. In this research, the interview is used as the tool to collect data, and a theoretical sampling method was employed to select individuals with rich information about the subject matter, capable of providing in-depth descriptions of their experiences. Specifically, the study involved interviewing 10 managers employed in the public sector. Research FindingsIn this research, social learning, purposefulness and experimentalism, essential values, and collective and common identity are the causal factors influencing the formation of the central phenomenon, that is, awareness and cognition. Crisis, type of task, organization's mission, and emotional atmosphere have been introduced as effective background factors in increasing the leader's awareness and recognition of selfless actions. Empathy is one of the intervening conditions, and positive self-concept has been identified as a strategy that is formed by the action and interaction of the central phenomenon that will eventually lead to consequences such as self-expression and social activism, resilience and endurance of hardships, and willingness to serve and perform duties. Conclusion and Discussion According to the prevailing assumptions of utilitarianism and profit-seeking within the management and organizational behavior literature, it is commonly believed that leaders and managers primarily utilize organizational power and resources for their gain. It is thought that only through organizational monitoring and supervisory mechanisms are they compelled to consider utilitarian principles and prioritize collective and organizational interests (Ghoshal, 2005). However, recent research findings suggest avenues for fostering selfless behaviors within workplace environments. By identifying the determinants of self-sacrificial behaviors—including when and why these behaviors occur, as well as the obstacles to their manifestation—interventions can be designed to promote and cultivate such behaviors within organizations. The public organizations of the country, especially in the conditions of the resistance economy, need managers who selflessly adhere to the goals of the organization and sacrifice personal and group interests for national interests. Acquiring knowledge about the phenomenon of self-sacrifice helps to promote and strengthen such behaviors in the organization. In this research, a foundational data model of the actions and interactions of selfless leaders in the organization is presented.

The sacrifice is a form of ritual sacrifice and one of the forms of worship that have deviated from their fundamental purposes at times until individuals have sacrificed themselves. The three civilizations of India, Iran, and Mesopotamia have long had many cultural ties and have been influenced by each other,one of these is human sacrifice. This paper tries to study the human sacrifice in these three cultures in a descriptive-analytical way and according to the theories of the ritual of sacrifice. And to answer the questions of when human sacrifice was performed in the mentioned civilizations and if so, in what ways has this effect been shown? The findings show that human sacrifice was often performed in special religious ceremonies and on sensitive occasions in order to reproduce nature and restore it. In Mesopotamia and India, due to the vastness and cultural differences of the region, human sacrifice was more common. The three civilizations mentioned in the rituals of passing through fire have influenced the privileges of alternative sacrifices and the exile of mythical characters (to the underworld). In the analyzes performed in the fertility sections, Fraser and Taylor's theories,the sacrifice for the idol, Taylor and Boyce's theories,Burning and symbolic sacrifices, freezer theories, and Taylor are more commonly used. . Introduction One of the oldest and most widespread rituals, which had a special qualitative value for human beings and with its implementation, human beings tried to connect with natural forces, is the ritual of sacrifice. The purpose of sacrifice is to control religion over the world, and by performing this ritual, one tries to make a special impact on the world (Mogk, 1909: p. 6). The word "qurban" in Arabic is derived from "qarb" meaning closeness and indicates that in all the sacrifices, seeking nearness to God or the gods or supernatural powers has been considered (AghaeeMeybodi, 1390: 118). Early man was unable to comprehend the greatness of the Creator and to understand nature, and was constantly frightened by imaginary gods, supernatural forces, death, disease, and the damage of natural disasters such as lightning, earthquakes, floods, and so on. There are ways to force these forces to work in their favor, but later it became known that those natural forces are so strong that it is impossible to capture them,rather, they must be forced to offer, and to obtain the mercy of these forces. He appealed to the blood of the victims. One of the types of these victims is the human sacrifice that was made among different ethnic groups in critical situations such as repelling natural disasters, drought, famine, etc., in order to tame the great superhuman force and make them want to fulfill their needs Research methodology This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and the theoretical foundations of the research have been collected based on the resources related to the ritual of sacrifice in India, Iran and Mesopotamia and the examples found based on theories of sacrifice have been studied and analyze. This study is performed in two sections: blood sacrifice (for blood transfusion) and non-blood (non-bleeding method). In the section on blood sacrifice, items such as: sacrifice for fertility, sacrifice for Idols, sacrifices for trees and sacrifices for the purpose of turning away from the king and in the section of non-blood sacrifices: such as: drowning victims, self-immolation or burning of children and symbolic sacrifices (exile of Zahak, Nargal and Jamshid to the basement and The Passage of Fire) and a discussion of historians' analysis of human sacrifice in Iran Discussion Since the objective and tangible reflection of myths is related to rituals, and the transfer of many myths from one culture to another through these rituals, to get acquainted with the mythical origin of the customs of each nation, it is necessary to study and recognize this part of culture. The three cultures of India, Iran, and Mesopotamia have long been associated with each other due to coexistence and cultural commonalities (especially Iran and India) and have therefore influenced each other,one of these ritual influences has been the idea of human sacrifice, which can be seen in these three cultures in different ways. This article tries to examine this idea in India, Iran and Mesopotamia and show their influence on each other. It is worth noting that due to the importance of the ritual of sacrifice and its role in human material and spiritual life, in addition to mythological and epic texts, many writers and researchers in the fields of psychology and sociology in their works to this idea. In this regard, the authors try to refer to the sacrifice theories (the divine king of the freezer, the theory of preserving the power of nature and the pleasure of the gods from the author, the sacrifice theory). The title of a kind of offering to the gods from Taylor and the theory of victim adjustment from Max Weber, formulated a suitable theoretical basis for this discussion and its examples from Check this theory. In this article, the authors seek to answer the following questions: In which of the three cultures has human sacrifice been most prevalent? Has human sacrifice been common in Iran? In what cases have these civilizations been influenced by each other? Which theories are most useful in analyzing victim cases? Conclusion Sacrifice has long been considered one of the ways to communicate with the gods and the superior forces, and primitive man used it to conquer nature,this religion, after the deviations in religion, underwent a change and until it went so far that some tribes fell victim to humans. According to studies conducted in India, Mesopotamia and Iran, due to the cultural differences between Mesopotamia and India, human casualties in these cultures were more common. Regarding human casualties in Iran, it should be noted that although it should not be forgotten that most cultures may have experienced such a formality in their early life, this type of victimization exists in other cultures. It is not common in Iran, and if, according to Herodotus, there is a sign of it, given that other historians have not provided any other evidence, it is not very valid,the word "hearing" is also used. It is not correct to prove this claim. In addition, the issue of the prevalence of a religion makes it possible to attribute it to a nation, although in the civilizations of India and Mesopotamia, the various methods of human sacrifice were very common in Iran, which is the ring. It is the intermediary of two civilizations,there is no clear example of this type of sacrifice, and this shows the rich and dynamic Iranian culture. Concerning the adjustment of the victim, it is common belief that with the advancement of human civilization and culture, the human victim takes on a more formal form, and human victims are replaced by animal Sacrifices, and the further we go, the more advanced we become. Animal Sacrifices give way to non-bloody Sacrifices, but it seems, as it does today, that there are different types of blood Sacrifice, such as cows, sheep, and non-bloody Sacrifices, such as money. Gold, votive offerings, or spiritual offerings such as prayer, fasting, service to holy places are performed in parallel and according to different circumstances. In the past, the types of these offerings were considered important. The issue and the crisis were presented, although the spread of awareness and the efforts of social reformers have been very effective in moderating this. The civilizations mentioned in the stories of the passage of fire (Siavash and Sita), the privileges of alternative Sacrifice (Zugans, Mirenorozi, and the human freedom of human sacrifice for a short time in India) and the exile of mythical characters seem to have been considered. (Yameh, Zahak and Nargal) have been influenced by each other underground, the most important reasons for which are the proximity and cultural commonalities of these nations. In analyzes performed in blood sacrifices: in the fertility sections (Fraser's and Taylor's theories), the sacrifice for the idol (Taylor's and Boyce's theories), the disorientation of the king (Theory of the Divine King Fraser) and modification. Sacrifice (Weber's Theory),In Non-Blood Sacrifices: Used in Drowning (Taylor and Boyce Theories), Self-immolation and Burning (Freezer and Taylor Theories) and Symbolic Sacrifice (Theory of the Divine King Fraser) it has more

Purpose- Sacrifice is a ritual practice in which objects or beings were offered to some supernatural powers. Since a long time ago, mankind has been offering all kinds of sacrifices in order to create a bond and expand the relationship between himself and the holy things. One of the ancient and very wide rituals that had a special value for man and by performing it, man tried to establish a relationship with natural forces and contribute to the world order with its help, is the ritual of human sacrifice. Gradually, by passing through the initial stages of life and the development of rationality, societies try to find alternative methods for human sacrifice instead of sacrificing their fellow species.Methodology-This research tries to study the methods of modifying human sacrifice in the texts of narrative order in a descriptive-analytical method.Findings- The results show that the sacrifice modification methods in the present study fall into five categories: piercing the ear and shedding some blood (or extorting), scratching the face, cutting the scalp, tearing the clothes, forgiving Slaves and concubines, leaving children in holy temples, classification (and circumcision) are classified. Regarding the methods of modification of the human sacrifice, it should be said: the modification methods in mystical texts and the transformation have a special meaning compared to the epic and lyrical texts; Modifications in mystical texts are often symbolic and symbolic; For example, scratching the face, cutting the hair and cutting the hair, tearing the clothes(allegory of the body) and characterizing in the concepts of reducing the beauty of people and suppressing the soul, denying selfishness and not paying attention to physical attractiveness, spiritual opening and liberation from worldly attachments. And cutting off the carnal nature and eating it is used for cultivation and connection with the sacred origin. In analyzing instances of human sacrifice modification, Max Weber's theories of sacrifice modification, Fraser's rebuttal, the gods' satisfaction with Boyce and Taylor are more efficient and flexible than other theories.

One of the necessities of the Greater Pilgrimage (Hajje Tamato) is the offering of sacrifice in Mina. The haji must sacrifice an animal for Gods sake. Today, due to the large number of pilgrims, the absence of the needy from the place where offerings are made, and lack of facilities, the meat of hundreds of thousands of sacrifices is wasted and not consumed. The question rais,ed is whether sacrifice is necessary at the present time or not? Does the offering of a sacrifice have only one purpose, or does it have other purposes as well? The present study takes into consideration the reasons put forth by both sides of the argument, and suggests a practical solution to the problem. It is hoped that with the adoption of reasonable and logical methods, the pilgrimage would take place as gloriously as possible, and the present undesirable conditions of sacrament would be improved.

The ritual of sacrifice, as a religious-social behavior, is one of the ancient rituals that has remained among different ethnic groups in different ways. The present study tries to study the position of sacrificial animals in the Persian poetry-narrative texts (up to the 7th AH century) through a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that sacrificial humans are gradually being replaced by sacrificial animals, and this is one of the good deeds of the founders of the divine religions. According to various texts of Persian literature, most animals like cows, camels, sheep, horses and sometimes mares, zebras, donkeys and chickens are sacrificed on various occasions such as scapegoating, repelling misfortune, protecting from evil eye, thanksgiving, succeeding in affairs, giving birth to child, repelling magic and talisman. The ritual of sacrifice is equally reflected in epic and mystical texts, but in the lyrical texts, due to the romantic atmosphere of them, there is often talk of donating animals to temples and fire temples, and there is rarly talk of shedding animal blood. Fraser's theory about scapegoating as well as Tylor and Boyce's views about the sacrifice as a gift to the gods are more efficient and flexible than other theories.